In derived words formed with the prefixes ber, ter, per, di- and Jc, the first syllable of the root undergoes no change, and the word can therefore usually be discovered without any difficulty, but with the prefixes m and p the root in many cases changes its form. The Malays invariably divide the syllables in this way, each syllable being begun with a consonant wherever it is possible. It is important that the student should know the source from which such foreign words have come, in order that he may be able to discriminate between synonymous words and decide which should be used in conversation with the various nationalities ly whom Malay is spoken. 115), pl-bagai, ba-gai-bagai, of various kinds. This difficulty has been obviated in this work by the adoption of the same system of romanization which has been used in my Grammar and in all the other Malay publications of the Methodist Publishing House. This has been particularly the case in regard to the romanization of the short vowel sound, which even in the same work has been represented by different letters in different words, according to the derivation of the word or the fancy of the author, so that in many cases the student has had to hunt for a word in two or three different places before he has been able to find it.
It is placed before the vowel which has the nasal sound, as in the words 'alam, 'ilmu, m'alim, do'a. The omission of the Arabic characters has enabled the printers to put out this work in a very compact form and at a cost considerably below what it would otherwise have been. In this vocabulary no attempt has been made to indicate the original Arabic pronunciation; the aim has been to accentuate every word in the way in which it is ordinarily pronounced by Malays in the colloquial language. An attempt has also been made in this edition to indicate words- which are peculiar to the Malay spoken by the "Babas," or Straits-born Chinese, and some of their differences of pronunciation. This plan of having a different system for roman- izing foreign words causes great confusion in a vocabulary and has been avoided as far as possible in this work. Great care, however, has been taken in the selection of the words, and it is hoped that very few which are in common use or are likely to be needed by the student in the first two or three years of his study of the language have been omitted.
The great defect of Malay vocabularies printed in the Roman character has always been the difficulty of finding many of the words owing to variations of spelling. The chief difficulty in discovering the root arises when the root commences with p, t, or Jc, from the fact that when the initial letter has been elided there is no means of knowing what that letter may have been; thus the root of m,mutus might be either mutus or putus, and that of mnaroh and mrgararg might be either naroh or taroli, or kararg or ararg respectively. Ji of the root is elided, as suroh, mryuroli. 36 of the Journal of the Straits Branch of the Eoyal Asiatic Society, published as a separated paper by the Methodist Publishing House. Many authorities on the Malay language have maintained that in derivatives the accent moves forward on the addition of a suffix from the penultimate of the root to the penultimate of the derived word. Only those derivatives are given which are in ordinary use; the fact that any particular derived form is not found in the vocabulary must not be taken as an indication that it cannot be used. Final h has also the effect of shortening the last syllable, but not more than half as much as final k.
It must be understood that the prefix m can always be used with deri- vative verbs formed with the suffix Jean or i; this being the case it has not been thought necessary to give the derivative formed with m as a distinct form of the word. Prefix ber, which forms present participles with intransitive verbs. In this vocabulary the derivatives will be found in the follow- ing order: (1) compound words and phrases formed with the simple root in combination with other words; (2) the verbal derivatives; (3) derived nouns. Prefix per and suffix an, forming verbal nouns from verbs. Suffix an forming nouns from verbs, and usually expressing the thing which is affected by the action. It will be noticed that in root words the accent usually falls on the penultimate. Another special feature of this vocabulary is that synonyms or words of cognate meaning and sometimes those of exactly opposite meaning, are referred to in the case of a very large proportion of the words. The vocabulary itself contains many similar lists; for instance a list of the different classes of workmen will be found under tukang, a list of the classifiers or numeral coefficients under s-, cloths under kain, stones under batu, etc.
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